Important qualities of a good supervisor (boss) Essay

Everyone wants to be a boss but there are only a few people who can achieve this position and also get the title of a good boss. Frankly speaking, it is difficult to describe the most important qualities of being boss. Different people may have different reasons for their different criteria of an ideal boss. However, I will do my best, to describe an outstanding boss in the following paragraphs. One of the most important qualities of the best boss is leadership qualities. He/she can lead team work to right way, so he/she must organize the member of team and divide the work on them depending on their skills. A good boss must be responsible of every step and detail of the working process. And all this stuff can help to increase the productivity of the company. Other important quality of a perfect boss is patience. A boss has to be more patient for his/her employees. This quality is necessary for everyone who wants to be a good boss. Mankind is not perfect that is why it is impossible to avoid making mistakes. Because of this reason, supervisor has to be more patient in order to teach and train his/her employees the specifics of the job. In conclusion an outstanding boss it is a person who possesses many qualities. However, on the top of all qualities, a good supervisor must organize and manage all working process i.e. be leader. Then he/she has to take care about people who work under his/her supervision. For me a good boss must be honest, responsible and expert in working, and have good management skills.

Software Customization

Business software was fabricated to intentionally make the company processes much easier, efficient, accurate and more convenient for the users. Today, these software are now ready for modifications to suit the business needs of a particular company. Apparently, software customization is considered to be a social modification process (Clement) which affects many segments of people’s day to day activities The customization of a business software is applicable only if it can justify the reasons for such modification. As examples, it would only be more ideal to customize a software if the company has found a more productive way of doing business or if the company is protecting any of its intellectual property rights for a particular product. The main benefit of software customization in a newly discovered mode of production is that the software can minimize possible delays and errors in doing the said procedure because of the fact that its function will directly support the task. On the other hand, a customized software can also provide a form of security for intellectual product rights because the customized program will only be useful for a particular segment of the company’s production line. Although software customization provides a larger scale of benefits, there are also some related concerns. For one, customizing a pre-defined program may require the company to invest in hiring an expert programmer to initiate the customization. Also, it is a necessary thing to train the in-house programmers for the customization so that the procedure can be maintained. These factors may all involve additional financial investments for the company. Moreover, customization also carries a certain amount of risks for it my not readily identify some erroneous procedures the software my induce in other unidentified company processes. On a personal note, it seems that the most fundamental advancement in personal computing is the introduction of the internet. Previously, anything that needs to be done using a machine assistant was only confined in a limited area of computing. However, today’s capacity of the computers to transmit and receive data in split second speeds has allowed many individuals, organizations and industries to exchange information which primarily drives today’s social development. Basically, the advanced capability of PCs and the internet have definitely improved how business, education and communication are being implemented. References Clement, A. N.D. Customization of Software Systems. University of Limerick. Retrieved February 27, 2008 from

Argument for Google's position in Author's Guild lawsuit against Essay

Argument for Google's position in Author's Guild lawsuit against Google - Essay Example There are plenty of resources from where different stock quotes can be had, addresses can be found, phone numbers could be tracked, maps could be found out and news headlines can be checked upon. More than anything else, Google offers a Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) platform when the user is away from his computer and this links him easily with the Google services and different domains of which he is very fond of. The best thing about Google is that it is very easy to use and there are no manuals to understand what it is all about. Google’s utility has made it very common amongst teenagers, men and women. The best part about its expanding business is that word of mouth has played a huge role in its success and the advertising is literally negligible when word of mouth is compared with the same. This speaks of the affection and praise that the people, no matter how old they are or where they belong from, have for Google as a company. When it comes to Authors Guild, we find that their opinion is somewhat unsubstantiated and not backed up with the help of supporting facts and evidences. They have tried their hardest to keep Google away from the shores of book scanning and digitizing to millions of readers worldwide. What their point of view does is to present a gloomy picture of the thinking that the Authors Guild have and how they want to earn from each and every opportunity that comes their way. The basic objection to the digitizing and book scanning aspect is that Google makes use of these excerpts on its web pages which are filled with advertisements thus accounting to huge returns on the part of Google in the form of advertising revenues and marketing shares. There seems to be no other way than to adopt the advertising bandwagon since Google is a public domain in the present times more than anything else and any and everybody can copy, view and scan whatsoever he or she wants for their reading pleasure. The s earch engine does its best to make the

Dark Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dark Energy - Essay Example Ideally, it is the volume of space that consists intrinsic basic energy. It is equivalent to vacuum energy in reality since it is the energy density of unfilled vacuum. The general relativity theory denotes that the energy will have an effect on gravity (Wang 76). Cosmological constant is characterized by negative pressure that is equivalent to its energy density. As such, it causes acceleration on the expansion of the universe. Quintessence refers to the hypothetical form of energy that can be attractive or repulsive. It is a scalar field that has its equation defined by the ratio of pressure to its density. Attraction or repulsion of this energy is dependent on the kinetic to potential energy ratio (Morrey Bsc & Morrey 112). Quintessence serves to solve part of the problems accruing from cosmological constant. Unlike cosmological constant, quintessence is a dynamic equation that varies with time. In addition, it differs from cosmological constant from the fact that it forecasts a slower increase in rate of expansion of the universe. The third alternative idea stems from the string theory. String theory stipulates that an atom’s elementary particles are dimensional swinging lines (Amendola and Tsujikawa 64). It is a quantum theory of gravity. The theory comprises configurations that define all observed basic forces and matter, but have zero cosmological constant. The methods employed in determine the above ideas are geometry of space, exploding stars and the late- time integrated Sachs- Wolfe effect (Amendola andTsujikawa 340). Exploding stars is ideally the supernovae. Type la supernovae offer a standard candle for the measurement of the distance to galaxies that are much far away. It combines the information with redshift; a measure for the speed at which galaxy recedes. Conclusively, astronomers have inference that there is a factor that is contributing to the increased velocity of the recession of galaxies. The geometry

History of the afterlife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of the afterlife - Essay Example While in the afterlife, people will have physical presence like they have in this world, life there would be very different from what it is in this world. A vast majority of Christians also believe in the existence of hell and believe that it is a place meant for punishment. Fire has been included in the description of hell in several passages of New Testament. Many Christians believe in the intense sensation of burning caused by the fire in hell in its literal sense whereas there are others who think of fire as a symbol to reflect the pain and agony that will be caused to the people in hell in the afterlife. Many Christians also believe that people will be made to experience the punishment temporarily, after which they would be destroyed just like the flames destroy an object. Lutheran Churches also teach that Christ will appear at the world’s consummation for judgment, when he will raise all dead up; â€Å"He will give to the godly and elect eternal life and everlasting joy s, but ungodly men and the devils He will condemn to be tormented without end† (â€Å"Christian Beliefs

Jenny Holzer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jenny Holzer - Research Paper Example Modern viewer wants to come, to see and to grasp the idea at once. Perhaps, due to these features of our contemporary life art responds with new techniques more suitable for perceiving by contemporary people. One of these techniques is test-as-image. Long before, Jasper Johns placed familiar images and stenciled words on equal footing thus giving birth to a new direction in art. To introduce art and text I have chosen Jenny Holzer, who, among modern artists, perhaps more than anyone, has restricted contemporary art to text. For more than 30 years this conceptual artist has been creating the relationship between didactic text and image. In her works she manages to reflect the bitter realities of our everyday life so strongly and vividly that her messages are clear for everyone despite of education, level of cultural development and view of life. In the late 70s she filled the streets of Lower Manhattan with her posters contained Nietzsche-like Truisms. First this look strange and was not accepted as works of art but later it turned out that in her works Jenny Holzer acted as art world’s soothsayer. She foresees and expresses important aspects of our life, for example, her best known truism reads: â€Å"Abuse of power comes as no surprise.† Isn’t this what we can see in politics? For Jenny Holzer text means much if not everything. At first she wrote her own texts but later started using the texts written by other famous, well-known people, such as the Polish Nobel laureate Wislawa Szymborska, Henri Cole (USA), Elfriede Jelinek (Austria), Fadhil Al-Azawi (Iraq), Yehuda Amichai (Israel) and Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine). Why are her works getting more and more popular today? I think the reason is that they are burning. They are not aimed at satisfying out aesthetic needs, they do not please our eyes with bright colors, beautiful sceneries, and interesting faces. Holzer’s works are aimed at uncovering the realities. This is why they are ful l of violence, sexuality, oppression, power, war and death. At the same time they seem to have mercy upon our feelings as all these things are depicted not through the images but mostly through the text. With her works Jenny Holzer makes us think and understand the life, which surrounds us. She brings to light and shows us something that was in shade and in silence, something that was intended to be hidden. Most of jenny Holzer works impress me greatly – I adore her ability to perfectly combine text and image. She does it so precisely that you can add nothing to this – everything is already expressed by only a few words. She applies texts from different contexts governmental documents or passages from de-classified US Army documents from the war in Iraq. For instance one of her LED works presents passages â€Å"from the minutes of interrogations of American soldiers who had committed human rights violations and war crimes in Abu Ghraib† (Walleston). Thus she wan ts to make public what was once hidden. Depicting dark dirty aspects of her country and citizens’ life Janny seems to repent American sins before the whole world and warn Americans of possibility to fall into the fire of war, violence and hatred. In my work I would like to draw attention to the hardest political edge of Holzer’s works – â€Å"Redaction Paintings†. They are huge black-and-white silkscreens presenting the passages from de-classified governmental documents blacked out by censors. They vividly expose the secret deeds

Cleopatra VII The Last Pharaoh of Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cleopatra VII The Last Pharaoh of Egypt - Essay Example Her father requested that Cleopatra and his oldest son, Ptolemy XIII, become joint rulers, and made Rome the guardian of the Egyptian state (brother-sister marriages were common among members of the Egyptian ruling house). Cleopatra was one of six children born to Ptolemy the Flute Player, four girls and two boys. Both boys Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV didn't live past adolescence. They served as co-throne keepers with Cleopatra VII, as women were prohibited to rule by themselves. Cleopatra and her brother started a civil war between themselves, which resulted in her being forced into exile to Syria. Her sister Arsinoe accompanied her. In Syria, she raised an army and started back to Egypt to reclaim her throne. In 48 BC she was on the eastern frontier of Egypt with her newly acquired army preparing to attack her brother's army. This battle was never fought because Julius Caesar, who had arrived at Alexandria in pursuit of Pompey, and claimed his right to arbitrate Cleopatra and Ptolemy's dispute as the representative of Rome. When Pompey, fleeing the victorious Julius Caesar, arrived in Alexandria seeking sanctuary, Ptolemy had him murdered in order to ingratiate himself with Caesar. Caesar was so repelled by this treachery that he seized the Egyptian capital and imposed himself as arbiter between the rival claims of Ptolemy and Cleopatra. After a short war, Ptolemy XIII was killed and Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with Ptolemy XIV as new co-ruler (Holbl 120-121). Cleopatra realized that in order to gain power she would have to remain on good terms with Rome and its leaders, so she successfully set out to seduce Caesar. Caesar wintered in Egypt in 48 BC-47 BC, and Cleopatra shored up her political advantage by becoming his lover. Egypt remained independent, but three Roman legions were left to protect it. Cleopatra's winter liaison with Caesar produced a son whom they named Ptolemy Caesar (nicknamed Caesarion, little Caesar). However, Caesar refused to make the boy his heir, naming his grand-nephew Octavian instead. Caesar and Cleopatra used each other to gain something, because he wanted to obtain money, and her main concern was gaining power. What had begun as a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII evolved into a war between Ptolemy XIII allied with Arsinoe, his sister, against Caesar, and became known as the Alexandrian War. Caesar read Aulete's (the flute player) will to Ptolemy and forced him to restore her to the throne. When Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile (mysterious, but no reference to her killing or having him killed), Caesar declared that Cleopatra should marry her other brother Ptolemy, then eleven years old, and rule as queen (Chauvaeau) in order to please the Alexanderians and the Egyptian priests. Cleopatra and Caesarion visited Rome between 46 BC and 44 BC and were present when Caesar was assassinated. Before or just after she returned to Egypt, Ptolemy XIV died mysteriously. It's believed that she poisoned him just before he would have reached the legal age at which he could be expected to participate in the government. His death was too opportune to be accidental, because after Caesar's death, her greatest political tie, she still had a tie to Rome,

Socail processes and practices on identity development Essay

Socail processes and practices on identity development - Essay Example 2002, pp. 359-378). Social processes and practices consider disability to result from disabled persons as an oppressed group and restrictions. This paper critically evaluates and examines social processes and practices on the development of identity. Impairment encompasses a functional limitation produced by deficiency. On the other hand, disability includes all exclusions due to social or physical barriers and it incorporates persons in other socially excluded groups such as ethnic minorities, poor persons, and women. Individual and collective identities remain determined by motivational, cognitive, and social processes and practices. The orientation of social dominance centers on the degree to which a group or person would wish and support a group’s hierarchy, along with the dominance of superior social groups over inferior groups. In addition, the impact of social processes and practices would be moderated by identity. Contextual practices or situational processes would not affect gender differences in orientation of social dominance (Guimond et al. 2003, pp. 697-712). The orientation of social dominance mediates the relationship between attitudes towards identity and social processes or practices in the framework of a subjective classification system set or self-selection. In addition to self-selection, the impact of the social processes and practices causes significant changes in beliefs and attitudes in several ways conditional on the situational context of the personality model. On the other hand, the outcomes of a social group model indicate that the acquisition of dominant identity remains significant to the socialization process. This change could also be attributed to cognitive psychology, as individuals would want to justify their identity in social activities. Hence, in establishing the identity of a disabled person, it would be

Guidelines of Adolescent Preventative Services (GAPS) Analysis Essay

Guidelines of Adolescent Preventative Services (GAPS) Analysis - Essay Example It has been observed that the present age adolescents are complexly linked with morbidity and mortality which makes them more vulnerable to behavioral and psychological risks (Allenworth, DeMuth, Bradley, & Becerly, 1996) Today’s youth have been characterized by several health crises like unintended pregnancy, Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), drug and alcohol abuses, eating disorders and many more. In order to prevent the youths from this health hazards GAPS recommends certain measures to prevent these health hazards among the youth. It establishes a complete framework for the organizations. The recommendation provided by GAPS is mainly based on four types of services and it concentrates on fourteen separate areas or health conditions. The GAPS encourages the ability of parents to respond to the adolescent’s health needs and adjusting puberty. It also promotes safety and physical fitness of the adolescents and assists in inju ry prevention. Proper dietary habits are promoted among the students by avoiding eating disorders. This helps them in avoiding obesity. GAPS work in encouraging healthy psychological adjustments by resisting the adverse health impact of sexual acts.

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence - Research Paper Example Jesus is unanimously regarded as the one and the only virgin birth that has appeared in the entire history of mankind since the creation of Adam and Eve in the paradise. The Old Testament had already made a prediction about his arrival in the world through the virgin delivery to be made by a pious and chaste noble lady i.e. Holy Virgin Mary (Isaiah, 7:14). Thus, the pious and religious-minded Jews were well aware regarding this exceptional kind of birth in their tribe one day in the wake of the Commandments to be made by the Lord in order to show the pagans, non-believers, and hypocrites the signs of the Omnipotence of the Lord. Since all the tribes having faith in Almighty God were in wait of such a sacred birth, the Magi also travelled wide from the ancient Persia to the city of Nazareth in order to see the blessed child arrived in the world from the high heavens in order to fill the world with the dazzling sacred light of justice, equality, righteousness, and faith. The Gospel of Matthew provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the visit of the three Magi from the distant region of Persia (Matthew, 2:2). Since the Magi had been blessed with the knowledge of astrology, and their association with the Zoroastrians had increased their faith in the Oneness of Almighty God the Creator, the three Magi set out to an exhaustive expedition towards Nazareth in order to see the holy child and present their gifts to the Savior of humanity. Consequently, the child would certainly be unique and extraordinary one, which would spend his entire life in teaching, preaching and helping the people without discrimination, and would embrace death at the prime of his youth just for saving the humanity from becoming a victim of the punishment and agony for committing the original sin. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, and the Magi also met him there (Anderson, 2005: 23-24). However, because of the opposition made by the hypocrites and non-believers, Holy Mary had to proceed to Eg ypt in order to save the sacred child from the hatred of the envious and resentful people of Nazareth. Little is known about the childhood and early youth of the Holy Christ, though the historians and theologians appear to be agreeing with the notion that the signs of the spiritual elevation of this sacred child had started appearing in his personality since the childhood years (Littleton, 1975: 22). Somehow, Jesus returned to his native city along with his sacred mother in his early youth, where he was baptized by Holy John the Baptist (Matthew, 3:13-16), though John is noticed to be declaring Jesus superior to him in all respects. Hence, it becomes evident that his contemporary righteous men of Nazareth had maintained the knowledge of the spiritual and elevated status of Jesus Christ. The Christian faith is attributed to Christ, who preached love and kindness to all mankind.

Pc vs Mac Essay Example for Free

Pc vs Mac Essay Which do you prefer? Many people are quick to choose a mac over a pc. But few take these variables into consideration. Pc’s run off a better, more reliant operating system, cheaper and better quality parts, and is compatible with a wide variety of software and games that the mac’s operating system cannot read. Before you chose read the essay, you might have a change of heart. Why might a person chose a pc over a mac and what kind of person does that make him? The Windows 7 operating system blows the mac’s operating system â€Å"Mountain Lion† out of the water. For starters the mac’s operating system is not as user friendly as its competitor Windows 7. Many people grew up with Windows and were taught how to work under that operating system. So the interface of Mountain Lion might seem counterintuitive. For example, the mac’s tricolor windows management buttons (red, yellow, and green) don’t work how you’d expect them to. When hitting the red button to close an application the application doesn’t actually close. It closes the window but the application is still running in the background taking up valuable space on your RAM. RAM stands for Random Access Memory and is one of the most important parts of your computer. The RAM’s main purpose is multitasking, the ability to run several programs and applications at a given time. So a user that is not familiar with the mac’s operating system would never know that their ability to multitask is hindered due to the unknowingly running application. Taking a look at another key component of the Windows 7 and Mountain Lion’s operating system is the dock and taskbar. The dock and taskbar is found at the bottom of the screen on both operating systems. Even the most ill-informed user knows what purpose the dock and task bar serves. The purpose is to launch applications easily and quickly. Both the dock and taskbar are customizable so the user can put whatever application or software that he/she uses most often. The Windows 7 taskbar and the mac’s dock are almost identical in appearances except for the size and positioning of the thumb nail shortcuts. In my opinion the mac’s dock is too cluttered and is hard to see what applications you currently have running on your computer. The Windows 7 taskbar is much more user friendly, clean and well organized; I have no problem seeing what I have running. The ability to multitask is very beneficial. Like I mentioned earlier RAM is a key component in what allows you to multitask. The more RAM you have and the better quality or speed of the RAM will determine how fast you can run application and how easily you can navigate them. RAM is very important in the ability to multitask but without the tools to do so RAM is pretty much useless. Think of it this way, the operating system is an outlet and the RAM is one of the many plugs. Each operating system comes with its own built in hot keys to activate shortcuts. A hot key is a combination of keys that provides quick access to a particular function. For example, Windows 7 Alt + Tab show you every application that is currently opened and gives you the option to switch between them. This allows for a very easy way to navigate between applications. Mac has a similar tool called mission control. Which with a hot key of your choosing let’s you view all of the applications that is currently opened. Windows 7 also has a feature that is extremely user friendly. It’s a feature that anybody that has used a pc or laptop running Windows 7 is familiar with. It’s called the snap feature. If the user wanted to view two applications or webpages at the same time he/she could just slap the application against the left or right side of the screen to resize it to fit exactly the left or right portion of your monitor. I personally use this feature all of the time when writing a paper that requires research. I have the application word taking up the right half of my monitor and whatever source I’m using for my research taking up the left half. This eliminates constantly having to switch between the two. The mac’s operating system does not have a feature like this. So in my opinion multitasking is much easier on Windows 7 rather than the mac’s Mountain Lion. As humans the number one contributing factor in what we buy is price and quality, â€Å"getting the most bang for your buck†. This is where pc’s shines. Mac’s are notorious for being extremely overpriced. The cost to quality of the product ratio is skewed in favor of the cost. But don’t take my word for it; let me give you an example. I looked up the cost of an iMac desktop computer and the specs of the computer off of Apple. com. I also looked up a random desktop computer running Windows 7 off of Dell. com and compared the two. The cost of the iMac is $1,300 and the specs are as follows; a 2. 7GHz quad core Intel core i5 processor, 8GB of 1600MHz RAM, and a 1 TB hard drive. The cost of the desktop off of Dell is $499. 99 and the specs are as follows; a 3. 2GHz quad core Intel core i5 processor, 8GB of 1600MHz RAM, and a 1 TB hard drive. Before I talk about the comparison ill briefly explain what the specs mean. The Intel i5 core is the processor that is on each computer and the GHz is how the speed of the processor is measured. The 1600MHz is the speed of the RAM that is on each computer. TB stands for Terabyte which is 1,000 GB or Gigabytes. So first let’s look at the similarities, both the iMac and desktop each have 8 gigs of 1600MHz RAM, a 1 TB hard drive, and they both have 4 cores. Now let’s look at where they differ. They both have the same brand of processor (Intel) and both are i5’s but the speeds are different. The iMac’s speed is 2. 7GHz compared to the desktops speed of 3. 2GHz, a difference of . 5 GHz. So after looking at the comparison as a whole both the iMac and Dell desktop are pretty similar except for the difference of the . 5GHz in favor of the desktop. So if both computers are pretty similar with the desktop being slightly better then why does the iMac cost $1,300 and the desktop cost $499. 99? It’s simple, because of the brand name. Apple can charge outrageous prices for an inferior product just because it has an apple on it and people will buy it, yet another reason why pc’s are better than mac’s. Also pc’s are cheaper because you can build your own! Unlike a mac you can build your own pc from scratch. You can buy every individual part including the tower and assemble it yourself. I’m sure you’re asking yourself, â€Å"Why would I want to build my computer when I could just buy it in one piece off the bat†? When buying the computer not assembled it’s much cheaper than buying it in one piece. When buying a computer fully assembled you’re paying for that luxury in labor costs. I myself have built my pc. I spend in total around $2500 on my pc and I bought each part individually. If I were to buy my computer fully assembled with the same parts and specs it would of cost me around $4500. So by spending a couple hours assembling the parts I saved $2000. There is no option in buying a mac in individual parts as it is too complex to build yourself without the assistance of machinery, yet another example on how pc’s are more user friendly than mac’s. Another reason to buy a pc over a mac is compatibility. For all those gamers out there a pc is for you! If you are a gamer than you probably know about steam if not let me explain. Steam is the biggest online retailer of pc games. They’re tens of thousands of games that are just a click away from being able to download and play. All of these games are only compatible for the Windows operating system. I’m sure there is similar websites for mac users but I guarantee that it won’t have even close to the selection that steam has. So if you’re a serious gamer there is no question, buy a pc. The result is the same if your look at the available apps you can download for each operating system. There are a decent number of apps available for Mountain Lion but there are thousands more on Windows. If you’re wondering why there is a much larger selection for Windows the answers simple, demand. The number of pc users far outweighs the number of mac users so this creates more demand to make games, software, and apps formatted for the Windows operating system. Sony Vegas is an example of a major piece of software that is only available Windows users and cannot be run on a mac. Now there are some downsides to having such a large amount of software, apps, games, and other downloadable content available to you. The downside is Windows users are much more susceptible to downloading a virus. It’s a good thing that Windows has advanced malware and virus protection such as Norton, Bitdefender, Kaspersky, and my personal favorite Avast. Those are just a few examples there are many more that will suite your needs. These virus protection programs will protect your computer from most if not all viruses. Throughout this essay I have expressed my opinion on whether to buy a pc or mac. I believe that the Windows operating system and pc is and forever will be superior to Mountain Lion and mac. I hope this essay will help people that are on the fence about buying a mac or pc. I hope this essay pushes you onto the correct side, the pc side! But that’s just my opinion, and many others. So which do you prefer?

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis Ethics Essay Introduction All psychological studies focusing on human being needs to obtain ethical approval by the Psychology Research Ethics Committee. Psychologist wishing to conduct a research/study must first submit a filled in form of psychology ethics committee application cover page, write up a detail proposal describing the research process and attach any supporting documents. These steps are compulsory prior to research in order to protect participants from inhumane harm. Due to past examples of highly unethical research like the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment and â€Å"David Reimer† experiment, it has triggered psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in psychology which provides ethical guidelines for researchers. The code of ethics includes informed consent, voluntary participation, right to withdraw, accurate reporting, do no harm, debriefing and desensitisation. Experiment 1 – Unethical Reasons The first example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1920 at John’s Hopkins University by behavioural psychologist John B. Watson and his assistant. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether fear is something born with or can be learned due to exposure of environmental influences; and if phobia can be developed by classical conditioning. The participant was 9 month old infant, Little Albert. In the experiment, Little Albert was first exposed to various white or furry objects and happenings that usually cause fear. Next, a white lab rat was given to Albert and he showed no fear. Watson then made loud banging sounds behind Albert’s back every time he touched the rat – Little Albert cried. He became upset when he was exposed to the white rat again as he linked the rat with the banging noise produced. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as Little Albert was not protected from psychological harm – the main purpose of the experiment is to test if fear can be developed by classical conditioning. Also, Watson knew that there will be not be sufficient time left to treat any possible fears/harms caused. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as Little Albert did not volunteer for the study, he is too young. Little Albert was chosen from the hospital where his mother worked as a wet nurse. She is financially dependent on the hospital for income and feared that she would lose her job if she disagreed Little Albert’s participation. In addition, she received $1 for Little Albert’s participation in the experiment. In a way, she was forced to agree for participation in order to keep her job and due to aid in financial struggles. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his mother was never informed about the procedure, the pros cons and withdrawal rights of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"desensitisation and debriefing† guideline is breached as there was no removal of ill effects and Little Albert was never treated for his fears as he left the hospital right after the experiment ended. As a result, Little Albert developed fears towards anything that was white fluffy and grown up having a phobia of dogs. Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, the do no harm and desensitisation guideline could be linked together. Watson should have suggested treatment plans to help remove the harm and cause of fear of Little Albert. This is extremely crucial in protecting the participants from future psychological problems that may have a significant impact on their lives. Secondly, Watson should have chosen other babies who didn’t have parents who worked in that hospital, so that they do not feel pressured to accept the request. Also, Watson should not use money to gain agreement for participation. Lastly, Watson should have properly inform Little Albert’s mom about the experiment procedure and make it clear that he had the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time without any problems caused. Experiment 2 – Unethical The second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1965 at John’s Hopkins Hospital by sexologist Dr Money. The purpose of the experiment was to prove that nurture, instead of nature determines gender identity and sexual orientation. The participant was 22 month old baby, David Reimer. In the experiment, the baby underwent a sex re–assignment surgery where his testes were surgically removed. David (now Brenda) changed his name and was brought up as a female. The plan failed when his family finally revealed her original gender at age 15. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as David Reimer experienced severe psychological harm – he committed suicide at age 38. Also, the experiment has indirectly caused harm to his family: his mom was suicidal, his dad was alcoholic and his twin brother was severely depressed committed suicide at the end. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as David Reimer did not volunteer for the study, his parents were equally horrified by the suggestion of a sex change, but eventually agreed to the procedure. Little did they know Dr Money’s real intention – to use David to prove his â€Å"theory of gender neutrality†, which states that gender can be trained by being brought up in an appropriate environment. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his parents were not properly informed of the experiment. They were not told what was going on during the kidsâ€⠄¢ yearly meetings with Dr Money. Fourthly, the â€Å"accurate reporting† guideline is breached. Dr Money wrote a report on his study and claimed that the experiment was a huge success and that his theory is supported, which greatly contradicts the data from previous reports. It is clear that the Reimer family were having huge psychological issues – David wasn’t living up to his role as Dr Money had described in his report. Dr Money has falsified the outcome of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"withdrawal rights† is breached as David and his twin brother Brian were forced to travel to Baltimore for yearly meetings with Dr Money until they refused (not because they had the right to withdraw, but because they were too frightened to see him) Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, Dr Money should have suggested a psychiatrist to evaluate David and provide counselling treatment to aid in his acceptance of his true gender. Dr Money should have suggested treatment centres for the Reimer family to visit to remove all negative effects caused by the hidden truth of David’s real gender. Secondly, Dr Money should have debrief the Reimer family of his real intentions of using David as an experimental object is due to selfishness, instead of persuading them to believe that a sex change is indeed the best advice that Dr Money can give. Thirdly, Dr Money should have informed David’s parents of what he did during the yearly meetings. In those meetings, he frightened the twins by using disgusting and inappropriate ways to make a clear cut difference between feminine and masculine. He made David and his twin perform sexual acts and took photos of them naked. Lastly, Dr Money should have accurately report his experiment results. Many textbooks were re-written just to publish his theory that he stated as supported, which in reality just clearly contradicts the whole experiment result when David committed suicide due to depression. Conclusion All in all, when there weren’t any ethical guidelines in the past, unethical experiments can be conducted by psychologists for selfish and illegitimate reasons. It is due to such unethical experiments that urged psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in order to protect the participants from inhumane harm. All psychologist have to strictly follow the guidelines in order to obtain approval to conduct their intended experiment. Due to the lack of guidelines in the past, Little Albert was psychologically harmed that he developed a phobia which was not treated. David Reimer was also psychologically harmed as he was not informed of his original gender until 15 years later where his whole family broke down psychologically. Previously, â€Å"she† was so confused and was often teased about her questionable gender identity, which also impacted on her self-esteem. In reality, both experiments could be run ethically even if a code of ethics was not issued in the early days. However, this is dependent on the degree of common sense and humaneness the psychologist designs the experiment. Referencing Introduces the reader to the fact that psychological research today must follow ethical guidelines. Briefly states what these guidelines are. Explains that there are examples of past research that would breach today’s guidelines. Describes an example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Describes a second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines.. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the second example of research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Sums up main points of the essay (does not introduce any new information or ideas). Harvard in-text referencing and a full reference list is essential

Criminal Profiling: Peter Sutcliffe

Criminal Profiling: Peter Sutcliffe Criminal Profiling: Peter Sutcliff One other aspect we can all discuss which is relatively new, is the work of psychologists in helping the police in catching a killer, it is known as criminal profiling or offender profiling, which can be traced back to 1888 when ‘Thomas Bond gave a detailed description on Jack the Ripper’ (Cross) it was later used by the FBI in America. Following the case of The Yorkshire Ripper it began to be used in Britain by the police force in other cases of catching other criminals and serial killers. The Yorkshire Rippers profile could have looked similar to the points below; 1, Has local knowledge of where the crimes are committed 2, Lives within the vicinities of the crime scenes 3, is likely to be somewhat of a loner 4, Could be married or living alone 5, if married, may spend time away from home on a regular basis 6, is disorganised 7, Sadistic 8, Religious 9, has a grudge against prostitutes 10, Is probably in a job, but of no skill Discuss the various theories of crime in relation to your chosen criminal In order to complete this discussion the chosen criminal shall be Peter William Sutcliff aka The Yorkshire Ripper, who during the time span of July 1975 and January 1981, claimed the lives of thirteen women, and attacked seven more. Most of Sutcliff’s victims were prostitutes and he committed the crimes within the vicinities of Leeds and the North of England. He used a variety of methods to kill and attack his victims, and an array of weapons. The methods used to kill and attack his victims included stabbing, strangulation, and bashing and the weapons he used consisted of an array of knives, a hammer, a hacksaw and a Ball-pein hammer, which later became his signature. Peter William Sutcliff was the first born of six children to Kathleen a quiet and solid catholic woman and John a man whom had an appetite for life ‘Murder case book vol 1’. It was his mother Kathleen that provided stability and security and gave him round the clock care following his birth due to the fact he was a small and weak baby. Peter grew up to be fond of his mother, more so than his father and it is reported that ‘he would hide behind her skirt on many occasion (murder case book vol 1). During his school years Peter was bullied by other children and would regularly play truant, his grades were of a poor standard and he left school at the age of fifteen without qualifications, he embarked on a variety of jobs, all of which he was unable to hold down due to the constant lateness of his arrival at work, one job which Peter had, and had held for three years was a post as a grave digger at Bingley Cemetery, during his early adult life he was regarded as being somewhat of a loner, deep and introvert ( murder case book vol 1) and would be the subject of ridicule by his family. Peter took an interest in body building at this time and would spend hours alone training, at this time he also met his future wife Sonia in a local pub when he was with his work colleagues, they had a relationship which lasted for eight years before finally In 1974. In 1969 John, Peter’s father discovered that Kathleen his wife was having an affair with a local policeman and he arranged for the whole family to confront her about it, Peter was devastated; it was later that year that he carried out an attack on a prostitute in Bradford following a row with her about a  £10 note. He hit her on the head with a stone in a sock while out in the red light district, of which he was a frequent visitor t. In 1971 Sonia his then girlfriend had a mental breakdown and at this time she reported to her psychiatrist that she had â€Å"heard the voice of God† Wicked beyond belief, she was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, following her recovery she and Peter went on to marry in 1974, in less than a year of marriage Peter had carried out an attack on a woman, only to attack other women a short time later, and in October of 1975 claimed the life of his victim, a person identified as Wilma McCann aged twenty-eight, in Leeds, she be came the first in the long reign of terror that Peter William Sutcliff held. In order to discuss the various theories of crime that could account for Sutcliff’s behaviour one will examine the various theories which have evolved over the the past twelve decades beginning with the works of Cesare Comboso 1876, he was an Italian biologist who had an interest in crime (class notes) he reported that following this study , of similar facial features in criminals such as cold-glassy blood shot eyes, thick curly hair, strong jaws, long ears and thin lips, Lombrosos findings had no scientific evidence in support of his theories, he used correlation to identify his subjects in his study therefore we must dismiss this as being inconclusive, another theory of crime was also put forward using the same basis as Lombrosos by William Sheldon in 1949, who identified three body types, endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectromorphic, his study was based on 400 men in rehabilitation, the majority were found to be of a mesomorphic type, muscular, tough and strong. From both of t hese theories we are able to reflect the appearance of Sutcliff with cold glassy eyes and thick curly hair. Sutcliff also had a mesomorphic body shape; therefore we must keep an open mind of these particular theories. Possible explanation of the two studies could be chromosomes, some men in prisons have been found to have an extra Y in making them XYY but according to Jacob’s (class notes) it could be associated with them being more aggressive. There has been no scientific evidence to prove that there is a criminal gene but that is not to say that one does not exists. Another theory put forward in order to explain crime was (Eysneck Eysneck 1970) ‘the criminal is a neurotic extrovert (someone who scores high on both N E) N is linked to crime through anxiety, the high E score is stimulus-hungry, engaging in thrill enhancing behaviour and is more difficult to . The EPL questionnaires Eysneck Eysneck used also found that high P scorers also were established as being aggressive, uncaring, troublesome, inhumane, insensitive to others needs and feelings, tend not to experience guilt, prefer strange and unusual things and appear foolhardy! Although we have no knowledge of a questionnaire being completed by Sutcliff, one could give incidents that have occurred and situations that have taken place to reflect yet again with this theory. In September 1969 Sutcliff was arrested and charged with going equipped for theft ‘with a hammer’, while working in the cemetery he was reported by a work mate to have a macabre sense of humour, ‘he would lie down on a slab pretending to be a corpse with a shroud over him and make groaning noises’ (Murder case book ) also he would boast to workmate that he had stolen various items of jewellery from corpses ( wicked beyond belief) also following the job he was given at TWH Clark as a lorry driver, he posed for a publicity poster and wrote his own strange epitaph to accompany it, it read â€Å"In this truck is a man whose if unleashed would rock the nation, whose dynamic energy would overpower those around him. Better let him sleep? (Wicked beyond belief), and finally the crimes he committed such as stabbing a victim with a screw driver in her vagina and then going home to his wife as if nothing had ever happened. Another explanation to describe Sutcliff’s behaviour is frauds tripartite derision of the personality, the most primitive part which consists of basic biological impulses or drives, the source of psychic energy or libido which operates on the pleasure principle, // and to avoid pain regardless of external circumstances it is known as the ID, followed by the ego which is the rational part or controlling self it operates on the reality principle, holding back the impulses of the ID until they can be satisfied in society in socially approved was, and finally the superego which represents the of the values and morals of society, it is the conscience that controls the expression of the ID’s impulses through moral scruples , thus being Sutcliff’s need to attack and kill his victims and gaining satisfaction and sexual gratification in doing so while being marries to Sonia and showing concern by ‘ collecting her from work in order for her to be safe, in case she w ould be attacked by The Ripper’ (wicked beyond belief) he was never looked upon by his wife as being nothing but a normal and caring husband, he showed no guilt or remorse for his actions and following the arrest for his crimes ( all of which his wife was oblivious to) gave her an account of his actions and told her that he would ‘pretend to be mentally ill and get 10 years in a loony bin’ (wicked beyond belief). Another theory can be attachment as a cause, Bowbly (1963 and 1973) his maternal deprivation hypothesis was used to explain the harmful effects of growing up in institutions, according to Bowbly short term deprivation produces distress. Deprivation produces long-term development retardation such as affectionless psychopath. Gross ( ) Given that Peter was the first born and he was cared for by his mother throughout his early life, the suggestion that a child needs a constant primary care-giver for the first two and a half to three years of his life to become stable and able to thrive to not conditional in this instance ‘Mothers love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health. Bowbly (1951). One other theory of crime that can be a large deciding outcome of a conviction can be the state of one’s mind when the crime was committed, such as schizophrenia, Paranoid schizophrenia is an illness that affects the thought process of the brain, so the suffer may not be able to think logically, often there are hallucinations, which may be in the way of voices, visions, and the sensation of being touched, delusions are also common, schizophrenia can happen following an episode of stress, breakdown or disastrous life changing event (mental health volunteer notes). In the case against Sutcliff ( there was a conflict between Dr Hugo Milme, Dr Malcolm McCulloch and Dr Terrence Kay psychiatrist who diagnosed him and the Attorney General Sir Michael Havers, who believed that Sutcliff was not suffering from schizophrenia, but was telling lies). He claimed that from the age of 20 years old he had been following instructions from God, he had heard his voice, and it told him to clean th e streets of prostitutes, (Murder case book Vol 1). In order to establish the differences between a person suffering from a mental illness and a psychopath (see handout 1) are they mad or just bad. We must take on board as much information about the individual we are dealing with, which did not appear to be the case for Sutcliff. Although Sutcliff is now incarcerated in Brood moor Mental Institution, he was originally incarcerated in Parkhurst Prison, but following an attack by another inmate in March 1984 when he lost sight in one eye and needed countless stitches, his original testimony to appear mad finally became a reality. In order to conclude this discussion one must look at various events which happened to Sutcliff, of which might account for his behaviour and give an insight as to why he committed the crimes he did. As Peter was close to his mother her embarking on an affair with a policeman left him devastated, could it be that he associated this with the attack he first made in 1969 on a prostitute in Bradford following the row over money or was it the fact that the man in question was a policeman, Peter as a child was brought up as a catholic who’s views on sex might have been the cause for him to attack prostitutes, what made his family ridicule him, his relationship with his siblings could that have had an effect on him, always lonely, possible jealousy of no longer having his mother all to himself, the fact he was bullied in school could all of these given him drive and ambition and he wanted to prove something, give himself status. Why was it that although he was warned and it was repo rted by his wife Sonia that they had a normal sex life, what made him leave traces of semen on their bodies and expose them but not have intercourse with them, but not engaging in intercourse could be seen as possibly something that means procreation, he had no children of his own. No reason for this has been reported, maybe they didn’t want them or were unable to have them or was he a psychopath and given the fact that he had seen Sonia suffering with schizophrenia gave him the excuse and reasoning for his behaviour should he ever be caught. Whatever the case Peter William Sutcliff, aka The Yorkshire Ripper was indeed wicked beyond belief.

My Hobby Essay -- essays research papers

MY SPECIAL HOBBY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Practically every person has his or her own hobby; whether it‘s a sport, collecting certain items, or something one takes their time practicing. Personally, I never thought I ever had a hobby. As a matter of fact I wasn’t even sure what a hobby actually was. Then I got to thinking and I finally realized that my hobby was dancing. Yes, I know that to some people dancing is not considered a true hobby; but the way I see it, if I enjoy dancing and spend my precious time doing it, then I have every right to consider it as my special hobby.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as I can remember about my childhood, I have always loved to dance. Dancing was just my thing. I remember attending ballet classes when I was five years old. I would learn the routines so quickly that the instructor would sometimes ask me to help her teach the other students. The greatest part of being in ballet was attending the ballet recitals. That was when each of us let ourselves shine in front of our family and friends. I always thought that the crowd was watching my every move and thinking, â€Å"Wow, that girl dances so gracefully.† Just thinking that made me try even harder to be the best I could. I would practice every day after school and right before bedtime, too. It didn’t even matter to me if there was no music playing, I just kept on dancing. Becoming a famous dancer was one of my greatest childhood dreams. I believed that one-day I would get the chan...

Aristotle :: essays research papers

To the modern reader, Aristotle's views on astronomy, as presented in Metaphysics, Physics, De Caelo (On the Heavens) and Simplicius' Commentary, will most likely seem very bizarre, as they are based more on a priori philosophical speculation than empirical observation. Although Aristotle acknowledged the importance of "scientific" astronomy - the study of the positions, distances and motions of the stars - he nevertheless treated astronomy in the abstract, linking it to his overall philosophical world picture. As a result, the modern distinction between physics and metaphysics is not present in Aristotle, and in order to fully appreciate him we must try to abandon this pre-conception. Aristotle argued that the universe is spherical and finite. Spherical, because that is the most perfect shape; finite, because it has a center, viz. the center of the earth, and a body with a center cannot be infinite. He believed that the earth, too, is a sphere. It is relatively small compa red to the stars, and in contrast to the celestial bodies, always at rest. For one of his proofs of this latter point, he referred to an empirically testable fact: if the earth were in motion, an observer on it would see the fixed stars as moving, just as he now observes the planets as moving, that is from a stationary earth. However, since this is not the case, the earth must be at rest. To prove that the earth is a sphere, he produced the argument that all earthly substances move towards the center, and thus would eventually have to form a sphere. He also used evidence based on observation. If the earth were not spherical, lunar eclipses would not show segments with a curved outline. Furthermore, when one travels northward or southward, one does not see the same stars at night, nor do they occupy the same positions in the sky. (De Caelo, Book II, chapter 14) That the celestial bodies must also be spherical in shape, can be determined by observation. In the case of the stars, Arist otle argued that they would have to be spherical, as this shape, which is the most perfect, allows them to retain their positions. (De Caelo, Book II, chapter 11) By Aristotle's time, Empedocles' view that there are four basic elements - earth, air, fire and water - had been generally accepted. Aristotle, however, in addition to this, postulated a fifth element called aether, which he believed to be the main constituent of the celestial bodies.

Involvement Of K+ In Leaf Movements During Suntracking :: essays research papers

Involvement of K+ in Leaf Movements During Suntracking Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many plants orient their leaves in response to directional light signals. Heliotropic movements, or movements that are affected by the sun, are common among plants belonging to the families Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The leaves of many plants, including Crotalaria pallida, exhibit diaheliotropic movement. C. pallida is a woody shrub native to South Africa. Its trifoliate leaves are connected to the petiole by 3-4 mm long pulvinules (Schmalstig). In diaheliotropic movement, the plant’s leaves are oriented perpendicular to the sun’s rays, thereby maximizing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In some plants, but not all, his response occurs particularly during the morning and late afternoon, when the light is coming at more of an angle and the water stress is not as severe (Donahue and Vogelmann). Under these conditions the lamina of the leaf is within less than 15 ° from the normal to the sun. Many plants that exhibit diaheliotropic movements also show paraheliotropic response as well. Paraheliotropism minimizes water loss by reducing the amount of light absorbed by the leaves; the leaves orient themselves parallel to the sun’s rays. Plants that exhibit paraheliotropic behavior usually do so at midday, when the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the ground. This reorientation takes place only in leaves of plants that are capable of nastic light-driven movements, such as the trifoliate leaf of Erythrina spp. (Herbert 1984). However, this phenomenon has been observed in other legume species that exhibit diaheliotropic leaf movement as well. Their movement is temporarily transformed from diaheliotropic to paraheliotropic. In doing so, the interception of solar radiation is maximized during the morning and late afternoon, and minimized during midday. The leaves of Crotalaria pallida also exhibit nyctinastic, or sleep, movements, in which the leaves fold down at night. The solar tracking may also provide a competitive advantage during early growth, since there is little shading, and also by intercepting more radiant heat in the early morning, thus raising leaf temperature nearer the optimum for photosynthesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integral to understanding the heliotropic movements of a plant is determining how the leaf detects the angle at which the light is incident upon it, how this perception is transduced to the pulvinus, and finally, how this signal can effect a physiological response (Donahue and Vogelmann).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the species Crotalaria pallida, blue light seems to be the wavelength that stimulates these leaf movements (Scmalstig). It has been implicated in the photonastic unfolding of leaves and in the diaheliotropic response in Mactroptilium atropurpureum and Lupinus succulentus (Schwartz, Gilboa, and Koller 1987). However, the light receptor involved can not be determined from Involvement Of K+ In Leaf Movements During Suntracking :: essays research papers Involvement of K+ in Leaf Movements During Suntracking Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many plants orient their leaves in response to directional light signals. Heliotropic movements, or movements that are affected by the sun, are common among plants belonging to the families Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The leaves of many plants, including Crotalaria pallida, exhibit diaheliotropic movement. C. pallida is a woody shrub native to South Africa. Its trifoliate leaves are connected to the petiole by 3-4 mm long pulvinules (Schmalstig). In diaheliotropic movement, the plant’s leaves are oriented perpendicular to the sun’s rays, thereby maximizing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In some plants, but not all, his response occurs particularly during the morning and late afternoon, when the light is coming at more of an angle and the water stress is not as severe (Donahue and Vogelmann). Under these conditions the lamina of the leaf is within less than 15 ° from the normal to the sun. Many plants that exhibit diaheliotropic movements also show paraheliotropic response as well. Paraheliotropism minimizes water loss by reducing the amount of light absorbed by the leaves; the leaves orient themselves parallel to the sun’s rays. Plants that exhibit paraheliotropic behavior usually do so at midday, when the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the ground. This reorientation takes place only in leaves of plants that are capable of nastic light-driven movements, such as the trifoliate leaf of Erythrina spp. (Herbert 1984). However, this phenomenon has been observed in other legume species that exhibit diaheliotropic leaf movement as well. Their movement is temporarily transformed from diaheliotropic to paraheliotropic. In doing so, the interception of solar radiation is maximized during the morning and late afternoon, and minimized during midday. The leaves of Crotalaria pallida also exhibit nyctinastic, or sleep, movements, in which the leaves fold down at night. The solar tracking may also provide a competitive advantage during early growth, since there is little shading, and also by intercepting more radiant heat in the early morning, thus raising leaf temperature nearer the optimum for photosynthesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integral to understanding the heliotropic movements of a plant is determining how the leaf detects the angle at which the light is incident upon it, how this perception is transduced to the pulvinus, and finally, how this signal can effect a physiological response (Donahue and Vogelmann).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the species Crotalaria pallida, blue light seems to be the wavelength that stimulates these leaf movements (Scmalstig). It has been implicated in the photonastic unfolding of leaves and in the diaheliotropic response in Mactroptilium atropurpureum and Lupinus succulentus (Schwartz, Gilboa, and Koller 1987). However, the light receptor involved can not be determined from

Choosing a Right Major to Create My Future

Rupeng Yang Choosing a right major to create my future Undergraduates have the higher educational level than high school student, but have the lower educational level than graduates. The time we spend in college is the most important time in our lives. During this period of time, we have been changing ourselves a lot. Because we get more information from our professors and our schoolmates to make us to become â€Å"critically thinking adults†(P85). We do not want to dependent on our family very much. We are trying to think about our future independently. We want to be more independent.So we obtain a lot of information from outside world, ignoring the information is good or bad. The most important thing we are thinking about is our majors. We are lack of experiences how to make a right choice on our majors. We do not know what we can do in our future. Now we are suffering from selecting majors. We really need to get help from professors or tutors in our college. Last semester w as my first semester in baruch college. When I met new classmates or new professors, the most question to me is what my major is. My answer was always I do not decide or I do not know.Many freshmen have the same situations as me, even some second year students. Why do not we choose majors? We Yang 2 want, but we do not know what we can choose. In baruch, the first two years classes have not any relationship with our majors. We have few chances to get information about majors from our classes. Because we are always busy with studying. Some students have part time jobs. They need to focus on not only their study, but also their jobs. Because they need to make money to support their education. They have little chance to know about their majors.Why do we want to attend to college? Because we want to know about our world well and obtain more knowledge to know what we are able to do or what we are interested in doing in the future. I know we have advisers in baruch. But that is not enough to so many students. We need more professional advisers to help us to analyze what the employment situations in the world now and what it will be like after we graduate, or help us to find out what are really interested in. Baruch college is famous at accounting major. But not everyone comes here for becoming an accoutant.I do not want to be an accountant too. I hope my major is about finance. Finance comprises many branches. I need a more specific major. My question is how I can use my advantages better if I choose a major. I am good at math, but I do not want to be an accountant. What can I do in the future? Baruch college pays a lot of money to the library resources every year to give students more knowledge and help us to study well. But if we do not know what we will do, or what our life will be like in the future, what is the destination for studying well? Our majors are like our dreams about our life.We need to spend a lot of time on our major. Because our majors connect wit h our working, Yang 3 and our working connects with our life and family in the future. That is why I am really concerned about choosing a right and propriate major. Many of my family members and friends told me that the major I choose is what I am really interested in. Because I need to spend more than four years on the major, and the first formal job I find is about my major. With an old saying in China, â€Å"Man needs to select the right major, and woman needs to get married with the right man. As far as I know, it is not easy to change major in college. If you did, it really takes time to finish another major. So we hope we can make right decisions at the first time. We do not need to change our decisions and use more time and energy to finish our education. â€Å"A more serious problem for faculty at many state and city colleges is the scarcity of resources. Because schools cannot easily hire more faculty members, they increase the workloads of those they have. †(P86) B aruch college does not have that problem.We have enough and professional faculty members, and good resources and computers in the library. Every student would not say, â€Å"There is no class for me to choose. † Every student can become full time student. If baruch college can put more professional advisers in it, that would be better. We have a good student academic consulting center. There are good professors and tutors to help students with their study, such as English, mathmatic, foreign language and so on. But few people think about if we have professional advisers to help us with our majors, we can get the best benefit.Yang 4 If I know what my major is, I will make my goals clearly for my life. I can make sure what I need to learn, what I do not need to waste time on. That makes my study more efficient. Although my parents and friends gave me some suggestions. those are not professional enough. I need a professional adviser to help me clear out my struggle. I appreciate that baruch has enough faculty members, good resources and beautiful basketball playgrounds. I hope baruch can add more professional advisers in it to help our students with their majors.

Windows 7 Check Your Understanding

Win7 Chapter 3Knowledge AssessmentFill in the Blank Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word or words in the blanks provided. 1. An image file that contains an entire workstation configuration, including all applications, packages, and configuration settings, is called a thick image. 2. The two programs that make up the User State Migration Tool are called scanstate. exe and loadstate. exe. 3. A build-to-plan installation is one in which the installers capture a single image file and deploy it to each computer with no changes. 4. Windows Deployment Services can reduce network bandwidth requirements while deploying install images by using . wim files. 5. Before you can modify an offline image file using DISM. exe, you must mount the image to a folder. 6. To partition a disk using an answer file, you must add settings to the WindowsPE configuration pass. 7. The Windows 7 AIK tool that you use to create answer files is called Windows System Image Manager (SIM). 8. To boot from an image transmitted over the network by a WDS server, a workstation must have a network adapter that supports Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). 9. The deployment scenario in which you save a workstation's user state data, wipe its disk, install Windows 7, and then restore the user state data is called the refresh computer scenario aka wipe and load. 10. A capture image enables a workstation to boot from a disk and connect to a WDS server.True / False1. To perform a Windows 7 deployment using ZTI, you must have a SQL Server on your network. F2. To create a capture image, you use the Deployment Workbench console. T3. The Windows 7 AIK script files used to perform unattended installations are called task sequences. F4. You can use the boot images created by Deployment Workbench to start workstations using either boot disks or WDS. T5. The computer that you use to capture an image of a workstation configuration is called the target computer. F6. An LTI deployment provides greater flexibility than a ZTI deployment. T7. ImageX. exe is a command? line tool that you can use to capture and deploy image files. T8. To use the upgrade computer scenario, a workstation must be running Windows XP SP2 or later. F9. Before you can capture an image of a Windows 7 workstation, you must run the Sysprep. exe program. T10. Sector? -based image files are spannable, editable, and bootable. FReviewQuestions 1. Describe the difference between an LTI and a ZTI deployment in terms of the activity at the target computer during the Windows 7 installation.LTI is lite touch deployment requires someone to sit there during installations and answer some questions where as ZTI is a zero touch installation is just that. The system installs without any one present at the workstation to monitor it.2. List the five basic steps in an enterprise Windows 7 workstation deployment.Build a deployed sharePerform a reference computer installationCapture an image of the reference computerBoot the target computersApply the reference computer image

Manufacturing Case Study

Manufacturing Industry Case Study Challenges in Manufacturing Industry Unions †¢HR teams must be familiar with contract language, when working in a unionized facility. In a non-union plant, an HR representative can speak directly with any member of the workforce when discipline issues arise, such as absenteeism or dress-code concerns. But when employees are union members, the union steward has to be present during those same discussions.Those cases that could be settled with a face-to-face talk between HR and the employee now have to be resolved through grievance procedures between the union and the HR department. At the same time, HR professionals find that enforcing employee policies are sometimes easier in a union shop, because unionized workers tend to be more familiar with the rules, according to the Society for Human Resources Management (SHRM). Safety †¢Safety awareness is a major HR issue in manufacturing, because of the considerable risks for job–related inj uries or fatalities. In an office, someone might trip over a file cabinet. Here, people can get pulled into the machines and lose arms or legs. People can get killed,† HR Manager Kristi Schmidlap tells SHRM. Human Resource specialists devote a considerable amount of time in training employees to be proactive in keeping their work areas safe. HR departments have to be diligent in enforcing safety policies, such as dress-codes in factories, where long fingernails and hair represent danger among workers using heavy machinery.Human Resource employees also have to set examples, by consistently wearing hardhats, goggles and safety boots, when they walk through the plant. Communication †¢Most laborers in a manufacturing plant do not have computers or desks, which eliminates emails and on-line publications as methods of disseminating information. Instead, HR professionals must rely on bulletin board postings, notices stapled to paychecks or employee meetings. With three shifts in operation, the HR representative must schedule 5:30 A. M. essions to ensure that the third shift hears the same message as their first- and second-shift peers. HR departments spend more time explaining common policies than their counterparts in white-collar companies, because manufacturing employees cannot access handbooks and guides that are published on the Internet. This means more interaction between HR employees and the general workforce, especially during benefits enrollment periods, when factory employees who do not have access to company computers, need HR’s guidance in entering their selections on-line.

Medical Nursing Essay

1. George Brown, 72 years of age, is a male patient who is admitted with the diagnosis of acute pulmonary edema secondary to acute left ventricular heart failure. The patient has a history of coronary artery disease that has been treated medically. The patient is anxious, pale, cold, clammy, and dyspneic. The vital signs are: blood pressure 88/50 mm Hg, heart rate 110 bpm, respiratory rate 32 breaths/min, and temperature 97 °F. There are bubbling crackles and wheezing throughout the lung fields and the patient is raising frothy blood-tinged clear sputum. The patient’s admission weight is 100 kg. a.What first actions should the nurse take and what are the rationales for these actions? The physician ordered furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg IVP STAT. b.What are the actions of furosemide that will help the patient? c.What nursing actions should be implemented when administering a diuretic? 2. Carl Edwards is a 75-year-old man with congestive heart failure. Having sustained three myocardial infarctions in the last 10 years, he has decreased left ventricular function. Mr. Edwards takes Digoxin, Capoten, Coreg, and Lasix for management of this disease. Today he presents to the emergency department with fatigue, generalized weakness, and feelings of â€Å"skipping† heartbeats. Upon arrival, he is placed on the cardiac monitor, his vital signs are assessed, and an IV is inserted. He currently denies chest pain, but is experiencing some shortness of breath, and is placed on 2 L of oxygen via nasal cannula. a.Which of his medications might be contributing to his symptoms of generalized weakness and heart irregularities? b.For what clinical manifestations should you assess to correlate to his left-sided heart failure? c.How do his medications treat his congestive heart failure? d.How does the hypokalemia affect the effects of Digitalis?

Mid term paper comapring and constrasting one perfect day' and ' the

Mid comapring and constrasting one perfect day' and ' the ameican way of death - Term Paper Example Take for example, the two known lavish industry nowadays, the wedding and funeral industry. These two industries are respectively discussed in â€Å"One Perfect Day† by Rebecca Mead and â€Å"The American Way of Death† by Jessica Mitford. To emphasize, both of the books are written exposà © of the real deal behind the two events in one’s life, wedding and funeral. The former reveals the issues behind the wedding industry which actually counts one hundred sixty billion dollars in the United States economy (â€Å"Synopsis†). On the other hand, the latter talks about the highly commercialized funeral service in America. Both of the authors highlighted the â€Å"costs† of having either of the two. It is observed that the wedding and funeral industry have become more and more expensive. In the book â€Å"One Perfect Day,† the main topic is about a wedding ceremony which highlights the two central figures, the bride and the groom. Nonetheless, majority of the exposà ©s are associated with the whims and caprices of the bride from the gown to the wedding’s order of events. Plausibly, the bridal gown which is the central object with its matching accessories such as the shoes, veil and many others are also considered by the author in exposing the evils behind the wedding industry. Normally, in a wedding, it is the bride who initially plans everything as the groom only approves or makes some modifications. This is the normal behavior during the planning stage. In most cases, the bride and the groom hire a wedding planner to set up everything for them. The author then highlights the disadvantages of hiring a wedding planner (Mead). The author’s explanation do not really dwell on the skill of the wedding planner, but, instead on the accessory role of such person in the wedding and its correlative effect to the substantive aspect of the ceremony. Obviously, there is much to spend

Tech Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Tech Article - Essay Example This technology is really unique because the software can recognize only the user’s voice, even if there are some background noises. Although some mobile phones have such functions such as voice commands, being able to dictate notes is a novel idea that provides a lot of convenience. People can take down notes even while driving, which usually happens. The technology is already being used by medical encoders because it makes the work much efficient and prevents repetitive stress injury on their hand/wrist. This technology has potential applications in various settings. In schools, ESL learners can become aware of their pronunciation by using this technology. They can dictate their notes and see if the computer can properly recognize the word. In BPO services, writers can use this technology, which can prevent them from developing musculoskeletal disorders in their wrist or forearm. Scientists or researchers can use this to dictate observations and have them printed immediately . Indeed, speech to text applications would definitely be used in many ways by different industries, whether for scientific, operations, or entertainment in the coming years. References Misel, Eli. "Android Apps: Speech to Text."Â  Find Health, Education, Science & Technology Articles, Reviews, How-To and Tech Tips At Bright Hub - Apply To Be A Writer Today!. BrightHUb, 13 Sept. 2010. Web. 29 Mar. 2011.

Analytical report based on an case study about IT project management Essay

Analytical report based on an case study about IT project management - Essay Example The stadium had its international recognition and with its inauguration, it was to host five matches of Euro Championship. The stadium was surrounded by many larger sports complex and along with its own spectators. The stadium could provide gigantic clients and business to restaurants and bars. In this regard Casa XXI was contracted for catering services of restaurant, bars and of special events in the Alvalade stadium for the next fifteen years. Casa XXI was the resulting company with its three partners specifically created for Alvalade Stadium Complex. Casa XXI had immense experience of catering since decades. As per agreement Casa XXI got right to serve 9 avenues including Prestige, Corporate Club, Sports 21, Restaurant Casa XXI, Cafeteria, Cafe for employees, Lodges, Kiosks, Bars and walking sales persons. Managing and exploiting revenue from these avenues was not a piece of cake and neither Casa XXI was ready to go traditional. So, Casa XXI decided to go for a new electronic sys tem which was an important innovation. This innovative system used pre-paid cards to pay for sales. These pre-paid cards had a unique serial number which was to be identified by a scanner. The scanner could examine the card status and recharge money to the card. Interesting aspect was its expiration in which card could be used many times. The main objective of this system was to get rid of the traditional cash system which was more time consuming. The new innovative system could serve many customers in shorter time hence productivity was expected to be enhanced. The innovative system used a central database to save information of all cards and sales. In this innovative system when a consumer made a payment by the card, the scanners were to track card holder’s information and money in the card. After which sale was to take place or the money could be debited accordingly. The system was further subdivided into two units. First unit was operated by the front office responsible f or interacting clients while back office unit was specified for inventory management whereas information of both system was recorded on an external database. So, the expected target of this innovative system was to create a well-established electronic system of payment which could revolutionize the sales at Alvalade Stadium. Casa XXI massively publicized their innovative system hoping for a marvellous opening. Outsourcing is a common practice is nowadays business. Outsourcing may take place due to many factors. These factors may be business, political, technical or financial. In this case, Case XXI lacks the expertise regarding IT projects and systems. It has mainly been in food and catering business and such technical skill seems to be remote in the industry it works in, With a crucial event coming up, outsourcing the new innovative project had deem to be a good decision. Outsourcing has many advantages. Some of them include access to the required expertise easily, greater focus on core functions and risk sharing. Casa XXI have taken advantage of the mentioned advantages to great extent. It wouldn’t be easy to acquire the skill of the IT project easily and if they decided to each part of the project themselves they would no doubt have suffered in their core expertise, catering. Core failures of the system The innovative system was expected to bring stacks of productivity to Casa XXI but unfortunately the inauguration went against all anticipations and ruined

Mba marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mba marketing management - Essay Example Attractive packaging and promotions are some of the main marketing strategies being adopted by Coca Cola. framework of the organisation plays an important role in its success. Structural hierarchy involves top management executives to the lower level workers. Proper levels of communication between these groups influence the overall performance of the organisation. The core area of marketing is an exchange which is intended to satisfy human needs or wants. Effective marketing function is mainly focused on proper interaction among the whole team. Management’s main activities are to analyse, plan and implement programs to attain the desired level of targeted market. Currently, Coca Cola sells their products through supermarkets and other big retail outlets. Overseas distribution, through franchisees of Coca Cola Company, ensure that their products reach all parts of the world and that customer satisfaction is maintained through product quality. Coca Cola is the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of non alcoholic beverages. â€Å"Coca-Cola has been named the worlds top brand for a fourth consecutive year in a survey by consultancy Interbrand.† (Coca-Cola Still Worlds Top Brand. (2005)). At present they are operating marketing function in over 200 countries. Moreover they are focusing on a wide range of products. Now they are dominating the non -alcoholic beverage market. Although their nearest rival is Pepsi who is a tough contender, yet Coca Cola has been able to achieve a good market share during the last three years. Coca Cola has a good brand image and this is one of the key competency areas of their marketing strategy. The main objectives of marketing is to create new customers and retain existing customers. In this context, Coca Cola tries to attain their ultimate marketing objective and also innovate certain recent marketing strategies to improve

Business planing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business planing - Assignment Example Our products will be of high quality and our services will be exceptional (Tuver, 2009). Zaet mobile home accessory and gift shop aim at creating a personalized home environment. Our services and products will be located in the City of San Diego as we look forward to extending it to the other parts of the state (CANN, 2012). Our stores will be in various part of the city, and we shall have a twenty-four hours customer service in place. The city of San Diego will be our target market. As per the population study that was conducted in the year 2014, the city’s population was estimated at 3,368,650 people with 58.9% being white, 45.1 % non-Hispanic, 6.7 % black and African-American. 28.8% Latino whereas the Asian population was represented by 15.9 %. The San Diego’s urban area has a total population of 3,095,313 making it the third largest city in the state of California (Simons, 2011). The high population will provide a ready market for our products. Our business will target more middle-class and upper-class consumers who focus beyond the national gift chain stores as well as home accessory for that expression of style and individual personality. I believe that our unique products, quality, and unparallel customer service, as well as values, will complement the experience of our clients. Through our online services, we expect to target more and more customers in the city as well as other parts of Calif ornia. The firm expects to register comfortable total revenue at the end of the first year, Followed by the development of marketing plans in the second year as well as creation of E-commerce and extension of our business to other parts of the city by the end of the third year (Sarr, 2009). The 2013 census report indicated that there was an increase in the number of household. San Diego has over a million families according to the survey that was conducted in the year 2013. The city has recorded a poverty level of below ten percent as well as median

Important cultural meaning of bad men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Important cultural meaning of bad men - Essay Example ld the cultural values and have given prime importance to music in the form of folk tales, jokes, songs and so forth in their daily routines and used for work, play, communicating, even when they are in happy or in sad mood.2 They created the animal characters in the form of tricksters.3 This has been the source of inspiration to the masses. The African Americans considered the trickster, such as Railroad Bill, the heroic figure who had the ability to influence their lives and have strived hard to flout the whites and bring in the reformation. The longest lived bad men were Stagolee who conflicted with Billy Delyon which symbolizes the fight of black man’s struggle for equality with whites.5 Despite of the injustices, the traditional practices were strictly followed by the superhuman figures, such as John Henry, banjo player, who had a beautiful baritone voice, and was the strongest, fastest, most powerful man working on the rails as a â€Å"steel driver†. 6Shine who was a Stoker in the ship had the ability to save the lives of hundreds from the sunken Titanic and to oppose the powerful opponents. 7 There were super heroes who emerged victorious in the racial advancement. Jack Jackson worked hard to make the existence in the boxing world and became the first black heavy weight champion. 8 On the other hand, Joe Louis became a popular figure in boxing and was able to surpass the color discrimination. This way the integration of race was reformed by the sporting world. 9 It was rightly said by Lawrence Levine, â€Å"In the twentieth century the pantheon of heroes became more varied and versatile, reflecting the greater diversity and heterogeneity that were the fruits of freedom, mobility and urbanization.† 10 Levine, Lawrence W. â€Å"Black Culture & Black Consciousness†, Books.google.co.in. Web.

Develop a public relations campaign Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Develop a public relations campaign - Article Example This paper will outline Riordan's PR campaign including its defined target audience, an overview of public relations issues, and implications of ethical issues. In addition, Riordan has implemented a marketing research plan and sought to align its marketing and public relation strategies The Riordan staff consists of 550 people and the company seeks to become a leader in embracing diversity in the workplace. Riordan has conducted research and believes that a strong business case exists for the employment of a diverse workforce. Effectively adopting and practicing diversity policies will benefit the company image, create greater attraction to potential employees, and reduce employment costs through improved retention in the workplace. A website reviewed by Riordan staff (www.embracingdiversity.org) states that, "A diverse team is a team in which every member of staff regardless of their age, gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation and regardless of how they operate, or what they look like are valued as an individual and not as a member of a group." Adopting guidelines is the easy portion of the task, with approximately 550 employees, implementing a company wide diversity initiative and gaining acceptance will prove to be difficult tasks. Riordan will have to place resources behind this initiative including Public Relations professional, support staff, and a measurement system. Currently Riordan's tracking and financial systems are not merged, meaning each facility operates independently and there is a very manual process to creating reports and accessing company information. This issue will need to be resolved and can be as a new software operating system has been identified but not approved for purchase. The diversity implementation can be used as further justification for the software. Additionally, Riordan has four manufacturing facilities with one located in China and the other three located in various regions in the United States. Specific Public Relations strategies and tools must be used to ensure a seamless diversity integration process. Target Audience Riordan Manufacturing strives to be a solution provider for its customers and not be a part of its customers' challenges. The company will maintain an innovative and team oriented working environment. By assuring that its employees are well informed and properly supported, it will provide a climate focused on the long-term viability of the company. Riordan must be focused in

Importance of Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Theory - Essay Example Some nursing theories are broad while others are narrow. What is the difference between broad and narrow theories? The difference is that for narrow theories, they have a narrow range, are more real and practical. While for broad theories, they are termed as grand theories. Based on narrow theories, there is the middle – range theory. The middle range theory may be used to refer to narrow theories in particular (Davies, 2005). This paper specifically looks at the transition theory. Section one of this paper has an evaluation of the importance of nursing theory, broadly to nursing practice. Section two summarizes the main concepts and relationships of the chosen nursing theory. The third section avails a discussion of how the chosen nursing theory views nursing leadership, nursing education, nursing informatics or health policy along with 2 real life examples. The final section is the conclusion, whereby the ideas and comprehensions on nursing theory learned from writing this p aper are shared. Nursing theories are vital in nursing practice for various reasons that are not limited to those stated in this paper. As noted earlier, nursing theories avail a structure for critical thinking through which situations encountered in the nursing practice are evaluated. Each day in the nursing practice comes with new experiences. As these new experiences are met, nursing theories provide the structures for preparation, examination, and making decisions. Decision making is one of the most important aspects of nursing practice. A nurse must be accountable for every decision that he or she makes during practice. Nursing theories avail the framework for communication. Communication is key in nursing practice as it enables passing of vital information. Nursing theories facilitate communication among nurses and with other health professionals through the framework. Nursing as a discipline is faced by numerous beliefs, aims, and values. What nursing theories do is

Cause and Effects essay Essay Example for Free

Cause and Effects essay Essay There is no doubt that education is essential to peoples lives. Having a good educational background is an important factor to get a good job and to work effectively. However, one of the saddest issues in todays society is the college dropout rate in many college or university remains very high. Some people are successful because they have the motivation and determination to graduate college; others are less lucky because they start college and feel as if they lack the preparation, desire, discipline or ability to succeed academically or persevere until a degree has been earned. This leads to quite a situation–to find the support needed to continue or to dropout? Whether you’re realizing that college isn’t for you, family issues, laziness or even debt, understanding some of the common causes and effects of quitting college may aid in the decision. College is an investment. Students either pay for college themselves, possibly with family support or scholarships, or with financial aid. Many students drop out of college because they can’t or don’t want to take on any more student loan debt. The consequence of dropping out at this point is that you have already piled up sizable debt and loan payments (students who drop out of college are required to pay back a portion of their federal-aid funds such as the Pell Grant) that you have to begin paying back several months after you quit school, yet you don’t get the payoff of a degree. Many financial aid administrators feel that the government shouldn’t penalize poor students for dropping out of college, and nor should lower-income students have to â€Å"punch a clock† in order to receive their grant money. Satisfying all the academic requirements and paying all your bills is both necessary and sufficient for being eligible to graduate. In addition to any debt you must repay, your earning potential without a degree is much lower to degree holders. Thus many college dropouts struggle to cover short-term bills and expenses, and find it difficult even to consider saving up money for a home. A college dropout earns about seven percent less than someone with an associate’s degree and about thirty-two percent less than someone with a bachelor’s. College dropouts face more limited career options than graduated peers. A bachelor’s degree commonly  opens the door to entry-level positions in many industries and career fields. As a dropout, your access to many jobs that require a college degree is limited to compete for jobs against people who hold degrees, even when a degree is not required. Job opportunities aren’t the only things that push people to college, sometimes it comes from a progenitor. Some students attend college under pressure from parents or to make their parents proud, not always making themselves happy in the process. In these cases the decision to drop out is not always warmly received. In fact, some students are told that they can’t return home after dropping out, which can only build on more stress. The expectation is that they will get a job and enter the â€Å"real world.† However, to get a job with good pay is hard to find without a degree, and most people don’t realize that. Another reason for dropping out of college is if there was a death in the family or someone you were close to falls ill. A death can cause depression which will eventually make you lose focus of your studies and you’ll end up either failing out, or dropping out. Dropping out can negatively affect relationships with significant others, as well. Recent studies show that divorce rates were significantly lower for college graduates than those without degrees. Having a great academic background can take you a long way, and you can learn how to work adequately in the future. To ensure a successful future, one must strive and have the incentive to succeed. Unfortunately certain things happen and some students have to drop out. It could be a personal choice, or it could be a sacrifice they have to make. In instances where it would be a choice, the students feel as if they’re working towards a dead end and have the lack of motivation. Knowing the reasons and the consequences can help others understand the decision that was made.